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Commercial Fertilizers Nitrogenous Fertilizers
1. Nitrate fertilizers are materials with their nitrogen combined in the nitrate form, as in sodium nitrate. Nitrate nitrogen, readily soluble in water, is rapidly utilized by most crop plants. Sodium nitrate tends to make the soil alkaline.
2. Ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, anhydrous ammonia, and aqua ammonia carry nitrogen only in the ammonium form. Ammoniacal nitrogen, although soluble in water, is less readily leached from the soil than nitrate nitrogen. It can be used directly by crops, although it is often converted by bacteria to the nitrate form before being utilized by plants. Ammonium sulfate tends to make soils acid because of the presence of the-sulfate ion.
3. Organic materials, such as tankage or castorbean pomace, contain nitrogen in a complex organic form largely insoluble in water. The nitrogen becomes soluble and available to plants after decomposition of the materials.
4. Fertilizers that contain nitrogen in amide form include urea and calcium cyanamide. These simple nonprotein compounds dissolve in water, while the nitrogen usually is converted rapidly to the ammoniacal or nitrate forms by soil bacteria. Dissolved nitrogen is considered to be available to plants.
The principal nitrogen fertilizer materials in the United States, together with their average nitrogen contents in per cent, are anhydrous ammonia (82), nitrogen solution (20-40), ammonium nitrate (33.5) ammonium sulfate (20.5), ammonium phosphates (11-27), aqua ammonia (20.5), urea (45), and sodium nitrate (16).
Phospate Fertilizers
Phosphorus must be dissolved in the soil solution before it can be taken up by plants. The phosphorus in fertilizers usually is in the form of phosphates, mostly of calcium. Phosphoric acid in phosphates of organic origin is conceded to be more readily available to plants than that in the raw mineral phosphates. The superphosphate industry began about 125 years ago when it was found that phosphoric acid in rock phosphate could be made available to plants by treatment with sulfuric acid. The principal phosphatic fertilizer materials used in the United States are as follow:
1. Superphosphate with 16 to 20 per cent phosphoric acid.
2. Concentrated superphosphate with 42 to 48 per cent phosphoric acid
3. Ammonium phosphate, chiefly mono-ammonium phosphate with 11 per cent nitrogen and about 48 per cent phosphoric acid. Since this has a tendency to increase soil acidity, it is sometimes necessary to add lime to the soil.
4. Other materials: bone meal, basic slag, and finely ground raw rock phosphate.
When phosphate fertilizer is applied to the soil it soon reacts to form compounds that are only slightly available. This is known as fixation. Under ordinary conditions, 10 to 20 per cent of the phosphorus in broadcast applications is recovered in the first crop. Some residual phosphorus is recovered in subsequent years. Phosphorus seldom leaches from soils. Accumulations may take place from heavy applications year after year, as in certain tobacco areas. More efficient use of phosphates has been obtained for row crops when the material is distributed in narrow bands on the side of the seed instead of being broadcast. Broadcast phosphates are fixed rapidly because the particles come in contact with a larger amount of soil.
And that some explanations articles on Commercial Fertilizers. Hopefully can improve the knowledge of the reader. . .
HAPPY LEARNING. . . .
SOURCE:
Book Principles of Field Crop Production | John H. Martin - Warren H. Leonard | COLLIER Macmillan (1967)
Book Principles of Field Crop Production | John H. Martin - Warren H. Leonard | COLLIER Macmillan (1967)
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